Introduction

After the separation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) from true smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [1], leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the GI tract has become a rare tumor [2,3]. Gastric LMS is extremely rare and accounts for 1% of all gastric tumors [4]. Of all LMS in the GI tract, only 0.1% of these tumors occurred in the stomach [5]. There are fewer than 20 case reports of gastric LMS written in English [2-4,6-20]. However, these reports focused on histologic findings, and only a few described radiologic findings of gastric LMS [10,12,14-17]. Here, we report a case of gastric LMS and review the recent literature focusing on radiologic findings.

Case

Ethical statements: This study was exempted from review by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Haeundae Paik Hospital (IRB No. HPIRB 2023-01-011). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the IRB.

The 80-year-old woman was referred to our emergency department for further evaluation of a gastric mass with severe anemia. She underwent an endoscopy 6 months ago and became aware of the presence of a gastric tumor. The endoscopic impression indicated GIST. However, she did not pursue treatment at that time. She had a history of hypertension, for which she has been treated for 5 years. Physical examination revealed no specific findings except for an anemic conjunctiva. The patient’s vital signs were blood pressure: 90/50 mmHg, respiratory rate: 20 respirations/min, heart rate: 84 beats/min, and temperature: 36.5 °C. Laboratory data showed a low hemoglobin level of 5.1 g/dL. After adequate fluid resuscitation and blood transfusion, the esophagogastroscopy examination was performed. Endoscopy revealed a huge mass in the posterior wall of the gastric body with mucosal erosion and ulceration (Fig. 1). Endoscopic biopsy was performed, and the results revealed a malignant spindle cell neoplasm. Multidetector computed tomography (CT) revealed a 10.5 cm-sized intraluminal protruding mass with the lobulated contour in the posterior gastric body (Fig 2). On the pre-contrast image, there is no calcification or hemorrhage. The mass shows gradual enhancement and internal stalk. Also, the mass does not show internal necrosis. There is no regional or distant lymphadenopathy. On positron emission tomography-CT, uptake of fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose was noted in the stomach, and there is no distant metastasis. A subtotal gastrectomy was performed. Gross findings revealed a yellowish gray ulcerofungating soft tissue mass measuring 11.0×8.5 cm (Fig. 3). The mass shows an internal stalk on the gross image. Microscopically, the mass was composed of malignant spindle cells without necrosis. Mitotic count was 290/10 high power fields (Fig. 4A). Immunohistochemical stain was positive for smooth muscle actin and desmin but negative for c-kit, DOG-1, S100, and CD34 (Fig. 4B). Forty regional lymph nodes were dissected, and the pathologic findings demonstrate no evidence of metastasis. The tumor was diagnosed with a primary gastric LMS. On follow-up abdominopelvic CT 7 years after surgery, the patient had no disease recurrence (Fig. 5).

Discussion

Gastric LMS is extremely rare in post-GIST era, and there have been only 17 case reports in English literature since 2003 (Table 1). The mean age of gastric LMS was 51.2 years (range, 16–74 years), with occurred predominantly in the gastric body (10/17 cases). The most common symptom was bleeding, causing hematemesis, anemia, or melena. The mean size of the tumor was 7.3 cm (range, 1–22 cm). The symptom can vary depending on the tumor's location and size. The gross appearance of the tumor varied from the polypoid, exophytic, fungating, and ulcerating mass. Distant metastasis at diagnosis is not common (2/17 cases). The common metastatic site is the liver and lung. Due to the rarity of gastric LMS, there is no consensus on its treatment. However, complete resection with negative margins is generally regarded as the most effective approach. In cases where the tumor is confined to the submucosa and surgery is challenging, endoscopic resection can be a viable option. The effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in treating gastric LMS remains uncertain [18].

CT scan is performed primarily in patients with gastric LMS to make a diagnosis and evaluate the presence of metastasis. However, at initial diagnosis, it is challenging to differentiate gastric LMS from other subepithelial gastric tumors because it is very rare, and radiologic findings of gastric LMS have not been sufficiently reported to date. The protruding enhancing mass is the most common finding of gastric LMS, according to a few reports reporting radiologic findings [9,10,14-17]. Among these reports, three cases showed protruding mass es with internal stalk-like appearance [10,16,17], and our case also showed a similar appearance in CT scans and gross pathology (Figs. 2, 3). Masuzawa et al. [10] showed an in vitro magnetic resonance imaging correlating to histopathologic findings. They described “spouting sign,” which indicates a heterogenous mass having high-intensity areas separated by isointense radial septum-like structures. The corresponding pathologic exam revealed this was composed of septum-like thin fibrovascular stroma alternating with myxedematous areas in the tumor. Four cases of seven radiologically described gastric LMS, including our case, were presented as protruding masses with internal stalks. Although these findings cannot be generalized that it appears in all gastric LMS, if the gastric subepithelial mass showed an internal stalk or spouting appearance, it could help radiologists consider gastric LMS in their list of differential diagnoses. Further investigation with more cases is needed.

In conclusion, we report a rare case of gastric LMS and review radiologic findings. Although there are no established radiologic findings, a mass with an internal stalk or spouting appearance can be helpful for the radiologist to consider the gastric LMS as their differential diagnosis.

Article information

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

None.

Author contributions

All work was performed by YL.

Fig. 1.

Gastroduodenoscopy demonstrates a huge intraluminal mass with erosion and ulcers, measuring approximately 11 cm in diameter, in the posterior wall of the gastric body (A, B). Mucosal gastric folds surrounding the lesion are present.

Fig. 2.

Axial pre-contrast (A) and contrast-enhanced (B) computed tomography scans show an intraluminal, protruding, lobulating, enhancing mass arising from the posterior wall of the gastric body. On the pre-contrast scan (A), there is no visible calcification or necrotic component. An internal stalk-like appearance (arrows) is noted on enhanced axial (B), coronal (C), and sagittal (D) images.

Fig. 3.

A gross examination of the stomach revealed a yellowish gray ulcerofungating mass measuring 11.0×8.5 cm. The cut surface of the mass showed an internal stalk.

Fig. 4.

(A) Photomicrography shows proliferation of spindle cells with high cellularity and mitotic count (hematoxylin and eosin stain, ×200). (B) Immunohistochemical staining for desmin and smooth muscle actin shows diffuse and strong positivity (×200). The tumor cells are negative for c-kit, CD34, DOG-1, and S-100.

Fig. 5.

Follow-up axial (A) and coronal (B) abdominopelvic computed tomography taken 7 years after surgery shows no evidence of recurrence or metastasis.

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