We report a case of a 65-year-old man with Behcet's disease who presented with massive hemoptysis caused by bronchial varices. A computed tomography (CT) scan and bronchoscopy were performed to identify the bleeding site. The CT scan revealed pneumonia and a combined hemorrhage in the right-middle and lower lobes. Massive bleeding was detected during the bronchoscopy and emergency embolization was attempted but angiographic findings were normal. An anteriojugulo-right femoral bypass operation was performed to relieve the tortuous and hypertrophied jugular venous obstruction. However, thrombectomy and thrombolysis followed because of graft thrombosis six days post-surgery. The patient was treated with steroid and high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy for his Behçet's disease, which caused the venous obstructions; the saccular bronchial varices in the right-middle and right lower lobes on bronchoscopy regressed slightly after four cycles of cyclophosphamide therapy

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• Localized Bronchial Hyperemia in Cases of Iatrogenic Hemoptysis: Clinical Presentations and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
  Abdelfattah Touman, Vlasios Vitsas, Angelakis Leonidas, Lutz Freitag, Grigoris K. Stratakos
  Respiration.2020; 99(5): 431.     CrossRef

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• Ablation of Liver X receptors α and β leads to spontaneous peripheral squamous cell lung cancer in mice
  Yu-bing Dai, Yi-fei Miao, Wan-fu Wu, Yu Li, Francesca D'Errico, Wen Su, Alan R. Burns, Bo Huang, Laure Maneix, Margaret Warner, Jan-Åke Gustafsson
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2016; 113(27): 7614.     CrossRef

We report the case of a 53-year-old man who presented with obstructive pneumonitis and broncholithiasis. We attempted to remove the broncholith with forceps through a flexible endoscope, but the potential for bleeding due to partial synechia did not allow this. We succeeded in removing it with cryotherapy. The histopathological diagnosis was thoracic actinomycosis associated with broncholithiasis. Endobronchial actinomycosis with a broncholith is very rare. We successfully treated a patient with endobronchial actinomycosis with a broncholith by administering short-term antibiotics after broncholithectomy via cryotherapy through a flexible bronchoscope.