Introduction

Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is an abnormal passage between the vaginal and bladder that results in uncontrolled urinary leakage from the vagina. Although VVF is not a life-threatening condition, VVF has a significantly negative impact on the quality of life. Etiologic factors and prevalence rates of this condition vary from one country to another.

In developed countries, 90% of VVFs raised from previous pelvic surgery and of these, 70% were due to abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease [1]. The remaining 10% of VVFs occurred because of radiation, infection, foreign bodies, and pelvic malignancies.

In underdeveloped countries, the main cause of VVFs is poor obstetrics and gynecological conditions, so obstetrical injuries are the most common [2].

Gynecologic operation-related VVFs usually appear approximately 10 days after operation, while radiation-induced fistulas frequently occur many years after treatment [3,4].

The principle of VVF repair is complete excision of fistula and scar tissue, followed by tensionless anastomosis of well-vascularized clean tissue. This principle is very important for reducing the recurrence rate. Traditionally, for VVF repair, transvaginal approach or transabdominal approach techniques have been used. However, in general, the VVF is located deep in the vagina, making the transvaginal approach difficult to keep this principle. Furthermore, this principle is not simple to follow with the transabdominal approach due to access to the fistula site (e.g., fibrotic tissue condition by radiation, postoperative adhesion) and a higher rate of postoperative complications. In this study, we present our novel two-step procedure of transurethral VVF tract resection followed by the transvaginal fistula repair technique.

Methods

Ethical statements: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dong-A University Hospital (No. 15-008). The informed consent was waived because this design is a retrospective study.

1. Patients and study design

We analyzed 12 women, aged 14 to 67 years, treated between 2011 and December 2018, retrospectively. The data were collected using hospital medical documentation. The study was conducted after the approval of the institutional review board.

For assessing of characteristics of the fistula (localization, number, and size), we evaluated surgical history, vaginal examination, cystoscopy, and computed tomography, preoperatively [5]. Fistulas found at sites other than the bladder (ureterovaginal fistula or urethrovaginal) were excluded.

Classically, VVFs were classified as simple and complex [6]. Simple VVFs were defined as small (≤0.5 cm) and single non-radiated fistulas. Complex VVFs were classified as medium (0.5–2.5 cm), large (≥2.5 cm), multiple, and recurrent fistulas. All patients were conservatively managed with continuous drainage through a Foley catheter for 2 months in anticipation of spontaneous healing. These conservative treatments failed as every patient had complex VVF. Clinical success was defined as postoperative removal of the Foley catheter, no further urine leakage, and no recurrence during the follow-up period.

2. Surgical technique

The surgical technique consists of two steps. The first step involves complete transurethral resection of the fistula tract and surrounding scar tissue. All patients underwent general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia. The patients were operated in the dorsal lithotomy position. Firstly, fistula resection is performed using a 24-Fr resectoscope under continuous flow. We used a 30° lens and wire cutting loop. To achieve a clear resection field, a continuous flow sheath is very important (Fig. 1). During resection with a cutting loop should be performed in a systematic, piecemeal manner, aiming at the complete resection of the granulation tissue around the fistula. Practically, resection should begin bladder mucosa toward the deeper layers of vagina. If bleeding occurs, electrocautery should be used minimally to save vascularity. After endoscopic surgery, we placed a Foley catheter and changed to conventional transvaginal surgical approach. The second step involves transvaginal tensionless repair of bladder mucosa followed by bladder muscle and vaginal mucosa repaired layered closure. If an interposition flap is needed due to poor tissue condition, the Martius flap could be used.

After fat pad was harvested from the labia major, pulled up to the suture line through deep tunneled vaginal mucosa.

Results

A total of 12 patients underwent this novel transurethral VVF tract resection followed by transvaginal fistula repair technique. The mean age of patients was 47.1 years (range, 14–67 years) and the mean follow-up period was 37 months (range, 16–51 months). Based on the surgical history, four patients had a radical hysterectomy due to cervical cancer, six had a laparoscopic hysterectomy due to uterine myoma, and one underwent a hypogastric artery ligation due to vaginal bleeding following a cervical biopsy. The last patient had no surgical history, but she inserted a foreign body into the vagina (Table 1). Three patients were second trial of VVF repair.

The VVF was located high supra-trigonal in all patients, and its size ranged from 0.7 to 1.6 cm (mean, 1.1 cm), indicating complex VVFs.

The mean operation time was 186.3 minutes (range, 145–320 minutes), and the mean urethral catheter indwelling time was 10 days. In 10 patients, the operation was conducted successfully through a transvaginal approach with no intraoperative or postoperative complications.

However, one patient developed a peritoneal perforation during transurethral resection of the fistula due to severe granulation tissue formation around the fistula and was converted to an abdominal approach.

In two cases, we used an interposition flap by Martius flap for VVF repair because of poor tissue condition due to previous radiation therapy and inflammatory reaction. At a mean follow-up of 37 months (range, 16–51 months), there was no recurrence observed in all 12 patients.

Discussion

The treatment of VVF is remained a challenge to the surgeon because there were several controversies still exist. The most cited controversies are about the operation timing, ideal surgical approach, and need for adjuvant measures. A trial of conservative therapy was conducted with proper and undisturbed bladder drainage for the small fistulas. The success rate of conservative therapy was limited success (7%–12.5%) in only selected cases [7,8]. After conservative therapy, there is persistent urinary leakage in the vagina, surgical correction treatment is necessary.

Several operation techniques exist, such as endoscopy, laparoscopy, robot-assisted, and conventional open surgery through the vagina or abdomen [9-11]. However, the ideal approach for VVF repair remains controversial. The transabdominal approach is adopted for the repair of supra-trigonal vesicovaginal, ureterovaginal, or vesicouterine fistulas, and if bladder augmentation is required; the omentum is used as a flap. The transvaginal approach is preferred for repair wherever possible, and a Martius flap is usually used from the subcutaneous fat of the labium [12,13]. The success rate has varied between 75% and 95% with these various techniques [9-12,14-17]. In this study, we achieved clinical success in all patients with no recurrence. In addition, two patients needed an interposition flap (Martius flap) due to a previous radiation treatment history and poor tissue condition due to an inflammatory reaction.

The first attempt to treat VVF using an endoscopic procedure demonstrated transurethral pointed electrode VVF repair. It was feasible in patients with multiple, small VVFs [18].

For a successful operation, several principles must be satisfied as follows. First step involves adequately mobilizing the bladder from the vagina, exposing the fistula tract. And complete remove surrounding scar tissues while revealing healthy tissue edges. Second, closing the bladder and vagina in separate layers in water-tight manner without tension with healthy tissues. If proper healthy tissues were not secured, interposition flap could be used between the bladder and vagina suture lines. Third, urine natural drainage should be maintained, postoperatively [15,19,20].

In this study, before repairing the fistula, we effectively removed the VVF and scar tissues on the bladder and vagina by endoscopic resection. Then, we closed the bladder and vagina with viable clean tissue through transvaginal approach. We consider anastomosis with viable clean tissue a crucial step for a VVF repair.

The operation times reported in the literature ranged from 70 to 280 minutes [21-23]. Our mean operative time was 186.3 minutes which seems consistent with the most reported cases. Operation time is affected by several factors. Representative factors are fistula location, onset time, previous surgical history, failed fistula repair history and experience and skill of the surgeon. In our case, three patients had a previous history of failed fistula repair. In one of the cases, peritoneal perforation occurred during transurethral resection of the VVF. Therefore, the patient converted to open surgery, and VVF was completely repaired.

The time of surgical repair of VVF is still controversial. Classically, there should be 3 to 6 months following the onset of the VVF before surgical repair to allow the surgical inflammatory reaction may subside. The overall success rate of VVF repair, including those for whom repairs were done within 3 months post-injury, and those for whom the repairs were intentionally delayed, ranged from 86% to 100% [10,24-27]. In our study, transvaginal VVF was repaired at least 2 months after the onset of symptom or the initial surgery to allow subsiding of the infection or inflammation at the fistula site. According to the literature, urethral catheter is removed at 10 to 28 days [21,23]. In our case, the urethral catheter was kept for 10 days in all patients. Before catheter removal, all patients were checked cystography to confirm a complete closure of the VVF. No leakage was observed in all patients, and they were dry after catheter removal for follow-up periods.

A limitation of this study includes a single-center, retrospective trial, which may decrease the quality of evidence. Another limitation is the small sample size of patients. Despite this limitation, transurethral resection of VVF and surrounding scar tissue is simple under clear vision. As a result, the success rate of the VVF repair may be improved.

In conclusion, this novel transurethral VVF tract resection followed by transvaginal fistula repair technique was a very safe and effective technique. And this easy technique is expected to reduce the burden of surgeons.

Article information

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

None.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: WC. Data curation: SK, HJ. Formal analysis: WC, HJ. Investigation: SK. Methodology: WC, HJ. Project administration: SK. Resources: SK. Software: SK. Supervision: WC, HJ. Validation: WC, HJ. Visualization: WC, HJ. Writing - original draft: SK. Writing - review & editing: WC, HJ. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.

Fig. 1.

Cystoscopic view of fistula before and after resection. (A) Cystoscopic image of a vesicovaginal fistula and an inserted guidewire. (B) Resection of the bladder fistula for margin clearance through the transurethral approach.

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Figure & Data

References

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