1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
2Division of General Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Kosin University College of Medicine.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
Sung Il Im is an editorial board member of the journal but was not involved in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Funding
None.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: HSP, JHH. Data curation: HSP, JHH. Formal analysis: HSP. Investigation: HSP, JHH. Methodology: HSP, BKK, JHH. Project administration: HSP, BKK, JHH. Resources: HSP. Software: HSP. Supervision: KWS, HSK, SII, BJK, BKK, JHH. Validation: KWS, BKK, JHH. Visualization: HSP. Writing - original draft: HSP. Writing - review & editing: KWS, HSK, SII, BJK, BKK, JHH. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Characteristics | Value (n=25) |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 37.40±10.49 |
Male sex | 14 (56.0) |
Hypertension | 15 (60.0) |
Diabetes mellitusa) | 14 (56.0) |
Dyslipidemia | 11 (44.0) |
Chronic kidney disease | 1 (4.0) |
Congestive heart failure | 0 |
Coronary arterial disease | 3 (12.5) |
Fatty liver | 13 (52.0) |
Stroke | 1 (4.0) |
Sleep apnea | 12 (48.0) |
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy | 15 (60.0) |
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass | 10 (40.0) |
SD, standard deviation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; IVSTd, interventricular septal end diastole thickness; PWTd, posterior left ventricular wall thickness; E velocity, peak early diastolic mitral flow velocity; A velocity, late diastolic mitral flow velocity; E′, early diastolic mitral annular velocity.
SD, standard deviation; EGC, electrocardiogram; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; mean NN, mean number of normal sinus R; SDNN, standard deviation of the N-N interval; SDNN, standard deviation of the N-N interval; SDANN, standard deviation of sequential 5-minute N-N interval means; pNN50, percentage of successive normal sinus RR intervals >50 ms; L/H, low frequency/high frequency.
Values are represented as mean±standard deviation.
HRR, heart rate recovery; mean NN, mean number of normal sinus R; SDNN, standard deviation of the N-N interval; SDANN, standard deviation of sequential 5-minute N-N interval means; pNN50, percentage of successive normal sinus RR intervals >50 ms; L/H, low frequency/high frequency; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.
Characteristics | Value (n=25) |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 37.40±10.49 |
Male sex | 14 (56.0) |
Hypertension | 15 (60.0) |
Diabetes mellitus |
14 (56.0) |
Dyslipidemia | 11 (44.0) |
Chronic kidney disease | 1 (4.0) |
Congestive heart failure | 0 |
Coronary arterial disease | 3 (12.5) |
Fatty liver | 13 (52.0) |
Stroke | 1 (4.0) |
Sleep apnea | 12 (48.0) |
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy | 15 (60.0) |
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass | 10 (40.0) |
Variable | Mean±SD |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Before surgery | After surgery (6 mo) | ||
Weight (kg) | 112.86±24.37 | 89.10±20.26 | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 39.22±5.69 | 31.00±5.09 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.14±1.93 | 5.64±0.71 | <0.001 |
Insulin, fasting (mIU/L) | 32.13±33.57 | 7.41±4.06 | <0.001 |
C-peptide, fasting (ng/mL) | 2.64±1.32 | 1.90±1.86 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) | 127.50±56.83 | 89.16±14.16 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 9.26±8.61 | 1.63±0.96 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 190.41±134.68 | 110.76±63.09 | 0.002 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174.75±51.04 | 168.80±42.55 | 0.475 |
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 45.31±12.74 | 49.52±11.99 | 0.025 |
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 111.08±48.01 | 104.96±36.87 | 0.357 |
Variable | Mean±SD |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Before surgery | After surgery (6 mo) | ||
LVEF (%) | 64.97±4.17 | 61.19±4.08 | 0.681 |
LVEDD (mm) | 50.60±4.39 | 50.22±3.59 | 0.823 |
LVESD (mm) | 32.33±3.02 | 31.20±5.50 | 0.601 |
LVEDV (mL) | 106.70±37.24 | 99.12±32.48 | 0.455 |
LVESV (mL) | 37.69±13.60 | 36.02±11.54 | 0.823 |
IVSTd (mm) | 10.82±1.46 | 10.45±1.47 | 0.140 |
PWTd (mm) | 10.40±1.40 | 10.80±5.33 | 0.179 |
E velocity (cm/sec) | 0.73±0.19 | 0.72±0.14 | 0.779 |
A velocity (cm/sec) | 0.63±0.18 | 0.62±0.15 | 0.841 |
E/A ratio | 1.27±0.55 | 1.18±0.43 | 0.888 |
E’ (cm/sec) | 0.10±0.11 | 0.08±0.01 | 0.794 |
E/E’ | 9.47±2.50 | 8.42±1.70 | 0.159 |
Variable | Mean±SD |
p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Before surgery | After surgery (6 mo) | |||
Exercise ECG test | ||||
Time (sec) | 397.52±91.14 | 495.48±104.18 | 0.001 | |
Metabolic equivalents | 8.14±1.53 | 9.60±1.84 | 0.002 | |
Baseline | SBP (mmHg) | 124.95±16.95 | 121.19±17.63 | 0.104 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.90±15.80 | 69.62±12.55 | 0.475 | |
HR (beats/min) | 78.90±18.31 | 68.81±15.90 | 0.039 | |
Peak | SBP (mmHg) | 186.19±24.81 | 175.48±30.75 | 0.080 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.90±24.05 | 81.38±20.38 | 0.455 | |
HR (beats/min) | 143.00±21.47 | 156.57±19.13 | 0.007 | |
Recovery | SBP (mmHg) | 171.19±36.67 | 159.67±25.66 | 0.104 |
DBP (mmHg) | 68.81±21.05 | 69.67±15.16 | 0.398 | |
HR (beats/min) | 100.00±11.84 | 82.29±21.09 | 0.010 | |
Change in | SBP (mmHg) | 61.24±31.08 | 54.29±25.11 | 0.139 |
DBP (mmHg) | 6.00±19.27 | 11.76±20.29 | 0.204 | |
Heart rate recovery (beats/min) | 43.00±20.97 | 64.29±18.49 | 0.001 | |
24-Hour Holter monitoring | ||||
QRS interval (beats) | 97,967±17,304 | 77,020±20,365 | <0.001 | |
HR | Minimum | 51.86±6.82 | 47.23±7.75 | 0.003 |
Average | 76.86±8.89 | 71.09±9.88 | 0.005 | |
Maximum | 126.38±15.88 | 127.59±20.07 | 0.835 | |
Mean NN (ms) | 791.57±88.84 | 869.05±126.31 | 0.002 | |
SDNN (ms) | 123.57±28.05 | 152.57±39.49 | 0.002 | |
SDANN (ms) | 106.19±26.44 | 134.76±36.82 | 0.001 | |
pNN50 (%) | 11.66±8.01 | 15.29±11.42 | 0.181 | |
Frequency (ms) | Very low | 31.41±11.56 | 33.64±12.39 | 0.058 |
Low | 19.98±11.96 | 20.81±8.40 | 0.076 | |
High | 13.34±5.04 | 14.89±5.62 | 0.181 | |
L/H ratio | 1.48±0.40 | 1.72±1.69 | 0.263 |
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy cases (n=15) | Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery cases (n=10) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before surgery | After surgery (6 mo) | p-value | Before surgery | After surgery (6 mo) | p-value | |
Weight (kg) | 113.97±16.80 | 87.56±14.45 | 0.001 | 113.41±33.65 | 91.45±27.51 | 0.005 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 39.47±2.93 | 30.63±3.07 | 0.001 | 38.83±8.53 | 31.56±7.34 | 0.005 |
HRR (beats/min) | 44.53±20.04 | 67.00±20.20 | 0.003 | 39.22±28.56 | 59.00±13.20 | 0.123 |
Mean NN (ms) | 796.08±87.30 | 895.83±146.54 | 0.012 | 785.56±95.84 | 833.33±88.59 | 0.066 |
SDNN (ms) | 117.08±30.58 | 152.17±38.88 | 0.008 | 132.22±23.12 | 153.11±42.65 | 0.086 |
SDANN (ms) | 98.67±29.21 | 130.42±32.62 | 0.006 | 116.22±19.41 | 140.56±43.13 | 0.051 |
pNN50 (%) | 9.58±6.10 | 18.42±12.90 | 0.015 | 14.43±9.71 | 11.12±7.92 | 0.374 |
Low frequency (ms) | 18.48±4.98 | 22.22±10.10 | 0.060 | 21.98±17.78 | 18.94±5.38 | 0.594 |
High frequency (ms) | 12.05±3.41 | 16.24±6.07 | 0.023 | 15.06±6.47 | 13.11±4.71 | 0.314 |
L/H ratio | 1.57±0.38 | 1.33±0.39 | 0.008 | 1.35±0.42 | 2.23±2.53 | 0.173 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.58±1.83 | 5.45±0.74 | 0.001 | 7.94±1.89 | 5.92±0.59 | 0.005 |
Insulin (mIU/L) | 28.21±26.29 | 8.37±4.45 | 0.005 | 38.02±43.19 | 5.98±3.07 | 0.005 |
C-peptide (ng/mL) | 2.60±1.49 | 1.66±0.65 | 0.004 | 2.70±1.11 | 2.28±2.88 | 0.139 |
HOMA-IR | 8.19±9.80 | 1.78±1.03 | 0.004 | 10.87±6.62 | 1.41±0.84 | 0.005 |
Values are represented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Mean duration, 5.1 years.
SD, standard deviation; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.
SD, standard deviation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; IVSTd, interventricular septal end diastole thickness; PWTd, posterior left ventricular wall thickness; E velocity, peak early diastolic mitral flow velocity; A velocity, late diastolic mitral flow velocity; E′, early diastolic mitral annular velocity.
SD, standard deviation; EGC, electrocardiogram; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; mean NN, mean number of normal sinus R; SDNN, standard deviation of the N-N interval; SDNN, standard deviation of the N-N interval; SDANN, standard deviation of sequential 5-minute N-N interval means; pNN50, percentage of successive normal sinus RR intervals >50 ms; L/H, low frequency/high frequency.
Values are represented as mean±standard deviation. HRR, heart rate recovery; mean NN, mean number of normal sinus R; SDNN, standard deviation of the N-N interval; SDANN, standard deviation of sequential 5-minute N-N interval means; pNN50, percentage of successive normal sinus RR intervals >50 ms; L/H, low frequency/high frequency; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.