1Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
2Department of Pathology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
3Department of Ophthalmology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
© 2024 Kosin University College of Medicine.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Bohyun Jeong (Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui University) for storing and managing the specimens, Junja Park (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital) for performing the bacterial identification and susceptibility test, and Professor Eunsoo Moon (Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine) for reviewing the data and providing statistical advice to obtain the results.
Funding
None.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: YRH, SJL. Data curation: YRH, SJL. Formal analysis: CEO. Investigation: YRH, SJL, CEO. Methodology: YRH, SJL. Supervision: SJL. Validation: YRH, SJL. Writing – original draft: YRH. Writing – review & editing: YRH, SJL.
CoNS, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus.
a)Other Gram-positive bacteria: Trueperella spp. (n=1), Propionibacterium spp. (n=1), Paenibacillus spp. (n=1), Microbacterium spp. (n=2), Kocuria spp. (n=3), Dermabacter spp. (n=1), Clostridium spp. (n=1).
b)Other Gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter spp. (n=2), Proteus spp. (n=2), Delftia spp. (n=2), Sphingomonas spp. (n=2), Stenotrophomonas spp. (n=2), Cupriavidus spp. (n=1), Morganella spp. (n=1).
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
CoNS, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; FR, fluoroquinolone-resistant; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; FBS, fasting blood glucose; HbA1C, glycosylated hemoglobin.
a)Pearson χ2 test (categorical variable) or Mann-Whitney U test (numerical variable).
b)Fisher exact test.
c)The n values in parentheses are the number of patients in Non-FR CoNS and FR CoNS, respectively.
Variable | β | SE | p-value | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Statin use | 1.581 | 0.693 | 0.022 | 4.86 (1.25–18.91) |
Cholesterol >200 mg/dL | –1.582 | 0.758 | 0.037 | 0.21 (0.05–0.91) |
Characteristic | No. (%) |
---|---|
Age (yr), median (range) | 62 (20–88) |
Male sex | 79 (58.5) |
Conjunctival swab culture | |
Bacterial growth | 107 (82.9) |
Ophthalmic procedure | |
Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber lens implantation | 33 (24.4) |
Intravitreal injection | 100 (74.1) |
Others | 2 (1.4) |
Ophthalmic disease | |
Cataract | 33 (24.4) |
Diabetic retinopathy | 45 (33.3) |
Macular dystrophy, macular degeneration | 34 (25.2) |
Retinal vascular occlusion | 16 (11.9) |
Glaucoma | 21 (15.6) |
Others | 7 (5.2) |
Other diseases and conditions | |
Diabetes mellitus | 67 (49.6) |
Hypertension | 38 (28.1) |
Viral hepatitis | 15 (11.1) |
Alcohol drinking | 50 (37.0) |
Smoking | 38 (28.1) |
Ophthalmic procedure within 3 mo before sample collection | 15 (11.1) |
Hospital admission within 3 mo before sample collection | 35 (25.9) |
Microbial | No. (%) |
---|---|
Gram-positive bacteria | 192 (73.6) |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 87 (33.3) |
Corynebacterium spp. | 49 (18.8) |
CoNS other than S. epidermidis | 24 (9.2) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 11 (4.2) |
Enterococcus spp. | 6 (2.3) |
Micrococcus spp. | 5 (1.9) |
Other Gram-positive bacteriaa) | 10 (3.8) |
Gram-negative bacteria | 69 (26.4) |
Ochrobactrum spp. | 21 (8.0) |
Achromobacter spp. | 15 (5.7) |
Pseudomonas spp. | 12 (4.6) |
Brevundimonas spp. | 5 (1.9) |
Enterobacter spp. | 4 (1.5) |
Other Gram-negative bacteriab) | 12 (4.6) |
Antibiotic susceptibility | Gram-positive bacteria, No. (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=84) | CoNS other than S. epidermidis (n=22) | Staphylococcus aureus (n=11) | Enterococcus (n=6) | |
Benzylpenicillin | 5 (6.0) | 2 (9.1) | 2 (18.2) | 6 (100) |
Ciprofloxacin | 59 (70.2) | 14 (63.6) | 9 (81.8) | 5 (83.3) |
Levofloxacin | 60 (71.4) | 14 (63.6) | 9 (81.8) | 5 (83.3) |
Norfloxacin | 48 (57.1) | 14 (63.6) | 9 (81.8) | 4 (66.7) |
Linezolid | 84 (100) | 22 (100) | 11 (100) | 6 (100) |
Vancomycin | 84 (100) | 22 (100) | 11 (100) | 6 (100) |
Tigecycline (n=121) | 84 (100) | 20 (100) | 11 (100) | 6 (100) |
Characteristic | Non-FR CoNS (n=31) | FR CoNS (n=37) | χ2 or U testsa) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male sex (n=68) | 20 (64.5) | 23 (62.2) | 0.04 | 0.841 |
Age (yr) | 60.9±14.4 | 63.9±13.6 | 500 | 0.365 |
Ophthalmic disease | ||||
Cataract | 9 (29.0) | 15 (40.5) | 0.98 | 0.323 |
Glaucoma | 4 (12.9) | 10 (27.0) | 2.06 | 0.151 |
Other diseases and conditions | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 16 (51.6) | 20 (54.1) | 0.04 | 0.841 |
Hypertension | 7 (22.6) | 10 (27.0) | 0.18 | 0.673 |
Viral hepatitis | 0 | 8 (21.6) | 7.60 | 0.006b) |
Alcohol drinking | 14 (45.2) | 14 (37.8) | 0.37 | 0.541 |
Smoking | 11 (35.5) | 15 (40.5) | 0.18 | 0.669 |
Ophthalmic procedure within 3 mo before sample collection | 5 (16.1) | 7 (18.9) | 0.09 | 0.764 |
Hospital admission within 3 mo before sample collection | 5 (16.1) | 13 (35.1) | 3.13 | 0.077 |
Statin use | 5 (16.1) | 16 (43.2) | 5.81 | 0.016 |
Blood test resultsc) | ||||
Cholesterol over 200 mg/dL (n=27, n=27) | 12 (44.4) | 3 (11.1) | 7.48 | 0.006 |
HDL less 40 mg/dL (n=24, n=26) | 6 (25.0) | 11 (42.3) | 1.67 | 0.197 |
LDL over 130 mg/dL (n=27, n=27) | 9 (33.3) | 0 | 10.80 | 0.002b) |
TG over 150 mg/dL (n=27, n=26) | 11 (40.7) | 14 (53.8) | 0.91 | 0.339 |
FBS over 125 mg/dL (n=23, n=21) | 12 (52.2) | 7 (33.3) | 1.59 | 0.208 |
HbA1C over 6% (n=15, n=11) | 13 (86.7) | 10 (90.9) | 0.11 | 0.738 |
Variable | β | SE | p-value | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Statin use | 1.581 | 0.693 | 0.022 | 4.86 (1.25–18.91) |
Cholesterol >200 mg/dL | –1.582 | 0.758 | 0.037 | 0.21 (0.05–0.91) |
CoNS, coagulase-negative Other Gram-positive bacteria: Other Gram-negative bacteria:
CoNS, coagulase-negative
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. CoNS, coagulase-negative Pearson χ2 test (categorical variable) or Mann-Whitney Fisher exact test. The n values in parentheses are the number of patients in Non-FR CoNS and FR CoNS, respectively.
CoNS, coagulase-negative